ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of Hot Workability in Ti-IF Steel by Using the Processing Map
Processing map for hot working of Ti-IF steel has been developed in the temperature range of 750 to 1100 °C and strain rate of 0.01 to 100 s-1. This map in the austenite region exhibits a single domain with a peak efficiency of 45% occurring at 1025 °C and strain rate of 0.02 s-1. The domain extends over the temperature range of 1000 to 1100 °C and strain rate range of 0.01 to 1 s-1. The true stress-strain curves and microstructural observations shows the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization in this domain. In two phase regions, where austenite and ferrite are present together, flow localization occurs in the form of bands with a fine grained structure as a result of dynamic recrystallization in the bands. These deformation bands are formed at 45° with respect to axial direction of compression. The processing map in ferrite region exhibits a domain with a peak efficiency of 38% occurring at 825 °C and strain rate of 0.02 s-1, so this domain extends over the temperature range of 800 to 850 °C and strain rate range of 0.01 to 0.5 s-1. The true stress-strain curves and microstructural results confirm the occurrence of partially dynamic recrystallization in this domain.
https://journal.issiran.com/article_4653_83b7059bcde1a5300fda7a0be3b6a7ff.pdf
2004-12-01
1
7
Hot working
Processing map
Ti-IF steel
Dynamic recrystallization
R
Ebrahimi
ebrahimi_ramin@yahoo.com
1
Dept.of Materials Science and Engineering Shiraz University, Shiraz, IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
A
Najafizadeh
2
Dept.of Materials Science and Engineering Shiraz University, Shiraz, IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] H. Takechi, IF Steels 2000 Proceedings,
1
[2] T. Senuma, ISIJ Int., 41(2001), 520.
2
[3] A. Najafizadeh, J. J. Jonas, and S. Yue, Met.
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Trans. 23A(1992), 2607.
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41(2001), 533.
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[6] C. J. Barrett and B. Wilshire, J. Mater. Processing
8
Tech., 122(2002), 56.
9
[7] Y. V. R. K. Prasad, H. L. Gegel, S. M. Doraivelu,
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J. C. Malas, J. T. Morgan, K. A. Lark, and D. R.
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Barker, Metall. Trans. A, 15(1984), 1883.
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A. Shende,: Metals Handbook Vol.14 , ASM, Metals
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Park, Ohio, (1987), 417.
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Mater. Rev.,43(1998), 243.
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Wiley, New York, (1963), 93.
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[11] A. K. S. Kalyan Kumar, “Criteria for Predicting
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Metallurgical Instabilities in Processing Maps”, M.Sc
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Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India,
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Mater. Sci. and Eng. A ,245(1998), 76.
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K. Asundi, Metall. Trans. A22 (1991), 829.
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Prasad, Mater. Sci. Tech.,9(1993), 805.
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V. R. K. Prasad, Metall. Mater. Trans., 31 A(2000),
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[18] P. V. Sivaprasad, S. Venugopal, Sridhar
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Venugopal, V. Maduraimuthu, M. Vasudevan, S. L.
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Mannan, Y. V. R. K. Prasad, and R. C. Chaturvedi, J.
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Mater. Processing Tech., 132(2003), 262.
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Metals Park, Ohio, (1985), 113.
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[20]. S. V. S. Narayana Murty, B. Nageswara Rao,
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and B. P. Kashyap, Int. Mater. Rev., 45(2000),15.
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[21] D. N. Hanlon, J. Sietsma, and S. van der Zwaag,
42
ISIJ Int., 41(2001), 1028.
43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Bainitic Phase Transformation in Aluminium Containing Ductile Irons after Short Time of Austempering
The influence of aluminium on the microstructure of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) has been studied. A number of irons of different compositions have been made by green sand casting and gravity die casting of appropriate design to provide the experimental materials. Austenitising was carried out at different temperatures and holding times for a variety of experimental irons to achieve sufficient homogeneity for further isothermal heat treatment. The transformation to a bainitic microstructure during austempering under different conditions was then examined for the most successful of the experimental casts. Austenitising temperature of 920°C, and austempering temperature of 350 °C for 1 minute have been used. Microstructures have been examined by the light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microstructure of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) consists of nodular graphite which is randomly dispersed in a bainitic matrix consisting of bainitic ferrite and carbon enriched retained austenite. It has been shown that the former austenite grain boundaries are the preferred sites for bainite nucleation and the best sites for nucleation are grain corners.
https://journal.issiran.com/article_4657_83b88d6c3359ea3ba89ececf99ff00fd.pdf
2004-12-01
8
14
Aluminium
Austempered ductile cast iron (ADI)
Austenitising
Bainitic Microstructure
Nucleation
Isothermal heat treatment
A.R
Kiani-Rashid
fkiana@yahoo.com
1
Department of Materials Engineering, Sistan & Baluchestan University Zahedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
D. V.
Edmonds
2
Department of Materials, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
AUTHOR
R.Elliott: Cast Iron Technology, Butterworths
1
London, (1988).
2
[2] I.C.H.Hughes: Ductile Iron, Metals Handbook,
3
Casting, Vol.15 BCIRA Int. Center for Cast Metals
4
Tech., Great Britain, Ninth edition, (1988), 647.
5
[3] R.Rimmer Mater World, 5(1997), 252.
6
[4] E.S.Davenport and E.C.Bain, Trans. Met. Soc.
7
AIME, 90(1930), 117.
8
[5] H.T.Angus, Cast Iron, Physical and Engineering
9
Properties, Butterworths , London, (1978).
10
[6] S.M.A.Boutorabi, J.M.Young, V.Kondic and
11
M.Salehi, Wear, 165(1993a), 19.
12
[7] H.Bayati and R.Elliott, Mater. Sci. Tech.,
13
11(1995), 284.
14
[8] J.Aranzabal, I.Gutierrez, J.M.Rodriguez-Ibabe
15
and J.J.Urcola, Mater. Sci. Tech., 8(1992), 263.
16
[9] N.Darwish and R.Elliott, Mater. Sci. Tech.,
17
9(1993b), 882.
18
[10] A.Honarbakhsh-Raouf: The Phase Transformation
19
in Austempered Ductile Iron, Ph.D. Thesis, School of
20
Materials, The University of Leeds UK.,(1997).
21
[11] C.Defrancq, J.Van Fegham and A.A.Desy, 36th
22
International Foundry Congress, Belgrad, (1969).
23
[12] R.P.Walson, AFS Trans., 85(1977), 51.
24
[13] R.J.Smickley and K.B.Rundman, AFS Trans.,
25
89(1981), 205.
26
[14] A.R.Kiani-Rashid: The Influence of Aluminium
27
and Heat Treatment Conditions on Austempered
28
Ductile Irons, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leeds,
29
[15] D.A.Porter and K.E.Easterling: Phase
30
Transformation in Metals and Alloys, Van Nostrand
31
Reinhold, (1981).
32
[16] H.K.D.H.Bhadeshia: Bainite in Steels, The
33
Institute of Materials, Cambridge University Press,
34
[17] S.M.A.Boutorabi, J.M.Young and V.Kondic,
35
Trans. Japan Foundrymen’s Soc., 12, (1993a), 14.
36
[18] S.M.A.Boutorabi, J.M.Young and V.Kondic,
37
Int. J. Cast Metals Res. (UK),6(1993b), 170.
38
[19] J.G.Pearce and K.Bromage: Copper in Cast Iron,
39
Hutchinson ,London, (1965), 13.
40
[20] A.R.Kiani-Rashid and D.V.Edmonds, Int. J.
41
Eng.15 (2002), 261.
42
[21] S.M.A.Boutorabi: The Austempering Kinetics,
43
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of
44
Spheroidal Graphite Unalloyed Aluminium Cast
45
Iron, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham,
46
[22] E.A.Wilson, Metal Sci, 18(1984), 471.
47
[23] M.Umemoto, T.Furuhara and I.Tamura, Acta
48
Metall. 34(1986), 2235.
49
[24] J. Barford and W.S.Owen: JISI., 197(1961),
50
[25] F.B.Pikering: The Structure and Properties of
51
Bainite in Steels, Climax Mo Co of Michigan,
52
(1967), 109.
53
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
High-Strength Bainitic Steels
With careful design, mixed microstructures consisting of fine plates of upper bainitic ferrite separated by thin films of stable retained austenite have exhibited impressive combinations of strength and toughness in highsilicon bainitic steels. The silicon suppresses the precipitation of brittle cementite leading to an improvement in toughness. The essential principles governing the optimisation of such microstructures are well established, particularly that large regions of unstable high-carbon retained austenite must be avoided. The aim of the present work was to see how far these concepts can be extended to achieve the highest ever combination of strength and toughness in bulk-samples, consistent with certain hardenability and processing requirements.
https://journal.issiran.com/article_4659_92ef16832f36717ddd966fe3b4b7b127.pdf
2004-12-01
15
23
Bainite
High-silicon steel
Precipitation
Strength
Steel
F. G.
Caballero
1
Department of Physical Metallurgy, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM), Spain
LEAD_AUTHOR
H. K. D. H.
Bhadeshia
2
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK.
AUTHOR
H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia: Acta Metall., 29(1981),
1
[2] H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and A. R. Waugh: Acta
2
Metall., 30(1982) 775.
3
[3] L. C. Chang and H. K .D. H. Bhadeshia: Mater.
4
Sci. Eng., 1994, A184, L17-20.
5
[4] I. Stark, G. D. W. Smith and H. K. D. H.
6
Bhadeshia: in ‘Solid→Solid Phase Transformations’,
7
ed. By G. W. Lorimer, Institute of Metals, London
8
(1988), 211.
9
[5] H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. V. Edmonds: Metal
10
Sci., 17(1983), 411.
11
[6] H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. V. Edmonds: Metal
12
Sci., 17(1983), 420.
13
[7] H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. V. Edmonds: Acta
14
Metall., 28(1980), 1265.
15
[8] H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia: Metal Sci., 16(1982), 159.
16
[9] V. T. T. Miihkinen and D. V. Edmonds: Mater.
17
Sci. Technol., 3(1987), 422.
18
[10] V. T. T. Miihkinen and D. V. Edmonds: Mater.
19
Sci. Technol., 3(1987), 432.
20
[11] V. T. T. Miihkinen and D. V. Edmonds: Mater.
21
Sci. Technol., 3(1987), 441.
22
[12] Defence Evaluation Research Agency Technical
23
Note, DRA/WSS/WT6/CR/93 2/1.0.
24
[13] N. Chester and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia: Journal
25
de Physique IV, 7(1997), 41.
26
[14] S. J. Jones and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia: Acta
27
Mate., 45(1997), 2911.
28
[15] J. Durnin and K. A. Ridal: Iron and Steel Inst.,
29
206(1968), 60.
30
[16] M. J. Dickson: J. Appl. Cryst., 2(1969), 176.
31
[17] D. J. Dyson and B. Holmes: Iron and Steel Inst.,
32
208(1970), 469.
33
[18] G. F. Vander Voort: ‘Metallography. Principles
34
and Practice’, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1984), 427.
35
[19] L. C. Chang: Metall. Trans., 30A(1999), 909.
36
[20] K. J. Irvine, F. B. Pickering, W. C.
37
HESELWOOD and M. J. ATKINS: J. iron Steel
38
Inst., 195(1957), 54.
39
[21] A. P. Coldern, R. L. CRYDERMAN and M.
40
SEMCHYSHEN: Steel Strengthening Mechanisms,
41
17; 1969, Ann Arbor, USA, Climax Molybdenum.
42
[22] B. P. J. SANDVIK and H. P. NEVALAINEN:
43
Met. Tech., 15(1981), 213.
44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Production of Fe-C Powders with Improved Structure
Production of Fe-C alloy powders by mechanical alloying was studied. Fe and graphite elemental powder mixtures containing 0.8 and 1.5wt.% graphite were mechanically alloyed using a planetary ball mill. The structural changes of powder particles during mechanical alloying were studied by x-ray diffractometery, scanning electron microscopy and microhardness measurements. For both compositions, mechanical alloying for 30h resulted in the development of a nanocrystalline structure with a typical grain size of 16nm containing nanoscale size Fe3C phase. This structure exhibited high microhardness value of the order of 600Hv. The powder particles after 30h of milling had a nearly spherical morphology and narrow size distribution. The mean powder particle size for Fe-0.8wt.% graphite composition was 15μm, whereas the Fe-1.5wt.% graphite composition achieved a smaller particle size with a mean of 9μm due to higher graphite content.
https://journal.issiran.com/article_4661_72519f9c2ecb415c86f1e6f4e6cf31ab.pdf
2004-12-01
24
28
Powder preparation
Fe-C
Mechanical alloying
Nanomaterials
M. H
Enayati
ena78@cc.iut.ac.ir
1
Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M
Zakeri
2
Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] C. Suryanarayana: Prog. Mater. Sci., 46(2001), 1.
1
[2] A. Calka: Key Engineering, 81-83(1993), pp. 17.
2
[3] T. Tanaka, K. N. Ishihara, and P. H. Shingu: Met.
3
Trans., 23A(1992), 2431.
4
[4] Z. Rahmani: Mechanical Alloying of Al-Graphite
5
Powder Mixture, M.Sc thesis, Isfahan University of
6
Technology, (2003).
7
[5] G. Le Caer, E. Bauer-Grosse, A. Pianelli, E. Bouzy,
8
and P. Matteazzi: J. Mater. Sci., 25(1990), 4726.
9
[6] T. Tanaka, S. Nasu, K. N. Ishihara, and P. H.
10
Shingu: J. Less-Common Met., 171(1991), 237.
11
[7] M. Umemoto, Z. G. Liu, K. Masuyama, X. J. Hao,
12
and K. Tsuchiya: Scripta Mater., 44(2001), 1741.
13
[8] B. D. Culity: Elements of X-ray Diffraction, 2nd
14
edn, Reading, Addison-Welsey, (1978), 102.
15
[9] M. H. Enayati: Mechanical Alloying of Ni-Base
16
Alloys, Ph.D thesis, University of Oxford, (1998).
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Electroless Deposition of Ni-Cu-P Alloy on 304 Stainless Steel by Using Thiourea and Gelatin as Additives and Investigation of Some Properties of Deposits
In this research a layer of Ni-Cu-P was deposited on 304 stainless steels by using gelatin and thiourea as additives in a sulfate solution. In order to determine the properties of deposited layers, a microhardness tester was used for microhardness measurement, X.R.D. for microstructural analysis, and a scanning electron microscope equipped with E.D.X. for determining morphology and analyzing the deposits. The results of the experiment show that in the presence of additives in solution, deposited layers are rough, and elements such as Fe,O2 and S enter into the layer, in the presence of thiourea and in the presence of gelatin Fe enters into the layer. The microhardness of alloyed layer without using additives is higher than the microhardness of the layer obtained in the solution containing gelatin and less than that containing thiourea. After heat treatment, the microhardness of layers increases, the reason is the formation of stable Ni3P phase in structure.
https://journal.issiran.com/article_4662_3b35fa1203c66c0f8f79d2b9ab65e7b4.pdf
2004-12-01
29
34
Electroless deposition
Ni-Cu-P
Thiourea
Gelatin
N
Parvini-Ahmadi
parvini@stu.ac.ir
1
Materials Engineering Faculty, Sahand University, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M. A.
Khosravipour
2
Materials Engineering Faculty, Sahand University, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] D. Tachev, J. Georgieva, S. Armyanov,
1
Electrochimica Acta, 47(2001) ,359.
2
[2] Z. Bangwei, X. Haowen, Mater. Sci, Eng. A,
3
281(2000) ,286.
4
[3] M. Ishikawa, H. Enomoto, N. Mikamoto, T.
5
Nakamora, M. Matsuoka, C. Iwakura, Sur. Coat.
6
Tech.110(1998) ,121.
7
[4] H. A. Sorkhabi, H. Dolati, N. Parvini Ahmadi, J.
8
Manzoori, App. Sur. Sci., 185(2002), ,155.
9
[5] R.D. Mikkola, Q.T. Jiang, B. Carpenter, Plat.
10
Surf. Finish. 87(2000),81.
11
[6] J. Reid, S. Mayer, E. Broadbent, E. Klawuhu, K.
12
Ashtiani, Solid State Technoil.(2000) ,86.
13
[7] K. Lung lin, Y. L C. C. Chan Huang, F. I Li, J. C.
14
Hsu, App. Sur. Sci. 181(2001) ,166.
15
[8] J.E.A.M. V. D. Meerakker, J. Appl. Electrochem.
16
11(1981) ,395.
17
[9] K. Lung Lin, J. W. Hwang, Mater. Chem. Phy.
18
76(2002) ,204.
19
[10] G.O. Mallory, J.B. Hagdu, Electroless plating:
20
Fundmentals and applications, AESF, Orlando, FL,
21
(1990) ,118.
22